Journeying through Space and Time with Pausanias’s Description of Greece

Authors

  • Elton Barker The Open University (UK)
  • Kyriaki Konstantinidou The Swedish Institute at Athens (Greece/Sweden)
  • Brady Kiesling The Swedish Institute at Athens (Greece/Sweden)
  • Anna Foka Uppsala University (Sweden)

Keywords:

place, semantic annotation, literary geography, mapping, spatial humanities, ancient Greece.

Abstract

Sometime in the second century CE, Pausanias of Magnesia (modern-day Turkey) wrote the Description of Greece. Ostensibly a tour of the places to see on the Greek mainland, the Description also provides historical accounts related to the topography through which Pausanias moves. Little attention has been given to how these building blocks of narrative, the entities of place and time, relate to and intersect with each other. In this article, we establish a framework for systematically investigating Pausanias’s chronotopes through a process of semantic annotation. We describe our typology for categorizing place and time, with the aim of enabling this text’s database of information — the descriptions of the built environment, its temples, statues, etc. — to be mapped and analysed. Our emphasis, however, is on how the technology equally facilitates close reading, as we trace how individual locations, objects and people relate to each other through the unfolding of chronotopes, and examine how in turn these chronotopes transform our understanding of the spaces of Greece and Greece as a place. We conclude by offering reflections on the potential for semantic annotation of the kind documented here not only for conducting chronotopic investigations of literary geographies, but also for bringing the textualization of space into direct dialogue with the material culture on the ground.

References

Akujärvi, J. (2005) Traveller, Narrator: Studies in Pausanias’ Periegesis. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.

Alcock, S. E., Cherry, J. F., and Elsner, J. (eds) (2001) Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981) ‘Forms of Time and the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes Toward a Historical Poetics.’ In Bakhtin, M. M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 84-258.

Barker, E. T. E. (2021) ‘On space, place and form in Herodotus’ Histories.’ Histos, 15, pp. 88-130.

Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., and Isaksen, L. (2016) ‘Creating new worlds out of old texts.’ In Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., Pelling, C. B. R. and Isaksen L. (eds) New Worlds Out of Old Texts: Revisiting Ancient Space and Place. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-21.

Barker, E. T. E. and Christensen, J. P. (2020) Homer’s Thebes: Epic Rivalries and the Appropriation of Mythical Pasts. Hellenic Studies Series 84. Washington DC: Harvard University Press.

Barker, E. T. E., Foka, A. and Konstantinidou, K. (2020) ‘Coding for the many, transforming knowledge for all: annotating digital documents.’ Publications of the Modern Language Association, Special Issue: Varieties of Digital Humanities, 135(1), pp. 195-202.

Barker, E. T. E, Isaksen, L. and Ogden, J. (2016) ‘Telling stories with maps: digital experiments with Herodotean geography.’ In Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., Pelling, C. B. R. and Isaksen L. (eds) New Worlds Out of Old Texts: Revisiting Ancient Space and Place. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 181-224.

Barker, E. T. E and Pelling, C. B. R. P. (2016) ‘Space-Travelling in Herodotus 5.’ In Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., Pelling, C. B. R. and Isaksen L. (eds) New Worlds Out of Old Texts: Revisiting Ancient Space and Place. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 225-252.

Bizer, C., Heath, T. and Berners-Lee, T. (2009) ‘Linked Data: the story so far’, International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems, 5(3), pp. 1-22.

Blanshard, A., Goldhill, S., Güthenke C., Holmes, B., Leonard, M., Most, G., Porter, J., Vasunia, P., and Whitmarsh, T. (2020) Postclassicisms Collective. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Bodenhamer, D. (2010) ‘The potential of spatial humanities.’ In Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., Pelling, C. B. R. and Isaksen L. (eds) New Worlds Out of Old Texts: Revisiting Ancient Space and Place. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 14-30.

Bodenhamer, D. (2015) ‘Narrating space and place.’ In Bodenhamer, Corrigan, D., J. and Harris, T. (eds) The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 7-27.

Bodenhamer, D., Corrigan, J. and Harris, T. (eds) (2010) The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Bodenhamer, D., Corrigan, J., and Harris, T. (eds) (2015) Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Bouzarovski, S. and Barker, E. T. E. (2016) ‘Between east and west: movements and transformations in Herodotean topology.’ In Barker, E. T. E., Bouzarovski, S., Pelling, C. B. R. and Isaksen L. (eds) New Worlds Out of Old Texts: Revisiting Ancient Space and Place. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 155-179.

Bowie, E. L. (1996) ‘Past and Present in Pausanias.’ In Bingen, J. (ed) Pausanias Historien (Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique, 41.) Vandoeuvres-Geneva: Fondation Hardt, pp. 207-230.

Bowie, E. L. (2001) ‘Inspiration and aspiration: date, genre, and readership.’ In Alcock, S. E., Cherry, J. F., and Elsner, J. (eds) (2001) Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 21-32.

Branham, R. B. (ed) (2002) Bakhtin and the Classics. Rethinking Theory. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Clarke, K. (1999) Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cundy, J. E. (2016) Axion Theas: Wonder, Space, and Place in Pausanias’ Periegesis Hellados. Ph.D. Toronto.

Dewald, C. (1987) ‘Narrative surface and authorial voice in Herodotus’ Histories.’ Arethusa 20, pp. 147-170.

Donaldson C., Gregory I. N., and Taylor J.E. (2017) ‘Implementing GIS and corpus analysis to investigate historical travel writing and topographical literature about the English Lake District.’ Journal of Historical Geography, 56, pp. 43-60.

Drucker, J. (2020) Visualization and Interpretation: Humanistic Approaches to Display. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Dunn, S. (2019) A History of Place in the Digital Age. London: Routledge.

Dunn, S. and Vitale, V. (2021) ‘Linking text and maps: Annotation as a critical tool for teaching in the Spatial Humanities.’ Literary Geographies, 7(2), pp. 292-310.

Elsner, J. (1992) ‘Pausanias: a Greek pilgrim in the Roman world.’ Past and Present, 135, pp. 3-29.

Elsner, J. (2001) ‘Structuring “Greece”: Pausanias’s Periegesis as a literary construct.’ In Alcock, S. E., Cherry, J. F., and Elsner, J. (eds) Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-20.

Elsner, J. (2007) Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Feeney, D. (2007) Caesar’s Calendar: Ancient Times and the Beginnings of History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fowler, R. L. (1996) ‘Herodotus and his contemporaries.’ Journal of Hellenic Studies, 116, pp. 62-87.

Galinsky, K. (2015) ‘Introduction.’ In Galinsky, K. and Lapatin, K. (eds) Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire. Los Angeles, pp. 1-22.

Gartland, S. D. (2016) ‘Enchanting history: Pausanias in fourth-century Boiotia.’ In Gartland, S. D. (ed) Boiotia in the Fourth Century BC. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 80-98.

Gell, A. (1992) The Anthropology of Time: Cultural Constructions of Temporal Maps and Images. Oxford: Berg.

Goldhill, S. D. (ed) (2001) Being Greek under Rome. Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Graziosi, B. and Haubold, J. (2005) Homer: The Resonance of Epic. London: Duckworth.

Gregory, I. N. and Donaldson C. D. (2016) ‘Geographical Text Analysis: Digital cartographies of Lake District literature.’ In Cooper D., Donaldson C. D. and Murrieta-Flores P. (eds) Literary Mapping in the Digital Age. Routledge: Abingdon, pp. 67-87.

Gregory, I. N. and Ell P.S. (2007) Historical GIS: Technologies, Methodologies and Scholarship. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Gregory, I. N. and Geddes A. (2014) Towards Spatial Humanities: Historical GIS and Spatial History. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.

Gregory, I. N. and Healey R.G. (2007) ‘Historical GIS: structuring, mapping and analysing geographies of the past.’ Progress in Human Geography, 31, pp. 638-653.

Habicht, C. (1985) Pausanias’ Guide to Ancient Greece. Sather Classical Lectures. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Harris, T., Bergeron, S. and Rouse, L. (2011) ‘Humanities GIS: place, spatial storytelling, and immersive visualization in the Humanities.' In Dear, M., Ketchum, J., Luria, S. and Richardson, D. (eds) GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. New York, pp. 226-240.

Hawes, G. (2016a) ‘Stones, names, stories, and bodies: Pausanias before the walls of seven- gated Thebes’. In McInerney, J. and Sluiter, I. (eds) Valuing Landscape in Classical Antiquity: Natural Environment and Cultural Imagination. Leiden: Brill, pp. 431-457.

Hawes, G. (2016b) ‘Pausanias and the footsteps of Herodotus.’ In Priestley, J. and Zali, V. (eds) Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Herodotus in Antiquity and Beyond. Leiden: Brill, pp. 322-345.

Hawes, G. (2017) ‘Of myths and maps.’ In Hawes, G. (ed) Myths on the Map: The Storied Landscapes of Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-13.

Hawes, G. (2018) ‘Pausanias’ Messenian itinerary and the journeys of the past.’ In Breytenbach C. and Feralla, C. (eds) Paths of Knowledge in Antiquity. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 152-172.

Hawes, G. (2019) ‘The mythological topography of Pausanias’ Periegesis.’ In Romano, A. J. and Marincola, J. (eds) Host or Parasite? Mythographers and their Contemporaries in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 135-163.

Hutton, W. (2002) Review of: Alcock, S. E., Cherry, J. F., and Elsner, J. (eds) (2001) Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryn Mawr Classical Review. [Online] [Accessed 5 February 2023] https:// bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002.05.30/

Hutton, W. (2005) Describing Greece: Landscape and Literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, W. H. S. and Ormerod, H. A. (1913) Pausanias: Description of Greece. Greek text with an English Translation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kahn, R., Isaksen, L., Barker, E. T. E., Simon, R., de Soto, P. and Vitale, V. (2021) ‘Pelagios - Connecting histories of place. Part II: From Community to Association.’ International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 15(1-2), pp. 85-100.

Kindt, J. (2016) Revisiting Delphi: Religion and Storytelling in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

König, J. (forthcoming, 2023) ‘Pausanias’ haptic geography: bodies and landscapes in the Periegesis.’ Classical Antiquity.

Levelt, W. J. M. (1981) ‘The Speaker’s Linearization Problem.’ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 295, pp. 305-315.

Levine, C. (2015) Forms: Whole, Rhythm, Hierarchy, Network. Princeton: Princeton UP.

Ma, J. (2016) ‘Seeing like a city: eikôn and andrias in Hellenistic civic culture.’ Pharos, 22(1), pp. 99-114.

Marincola, J. (1987) ‘Herodotean narrative and the narrator’s presence.’ Arethusa, 20, pp. 121-137.

Massey, D. (2005) For Space. London: SAGE.

Murrieta-Flores P., Donaldson C. and Gregory I. N. (2017) ‘GIS and Literary History: Advancing digital humanities research through the spatial analysis of historical travel writing and topographical literature.’ Digital Humanities Quarterly, 11(1). [Online] [Accessed 5 February 2023] http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/ vol/11/1/ 000283/000283.html

Musti, D. (1984) ‘L’itinerario di Pausania: dal viaggio alla storia.’ Quaderni urbinati di cultura classica, 17, pp. 7-18.

O’Doherty, M. (2021) ‘Medieval traditions, new technologies: Linked Open Geodata and Burchard of Mount Sion’s Descriptio terrae sanctae.’ International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 15(1-2), pp. 60-84.

Palladino, C. (2016) ‘New approaches to ancient spatial models: Digital Humanities and classical geography.’ Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 59(2), pp. 56-70.

Palladino, C. (2021) ‘Representing places in texts: a spatial investigation into Agathemerus’ Sketch of Geography.’ International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 15(1-2), pp. 33-59.

Pelling, C. B. R. (2019) Herodotus and the Question Why. The Fordyce W. Mitchel Memorial Lecture Series. Austin: The University of Texas Press.

Pirenne-Delforge, V. (1998) ‘La notion de « panthéon » chez Pausanias.’ In Pirenne-Delforge, V. Les Panthéons des cités, des origines à la Périégèse de Pausanias. Kernos Supplément 8. Liège: Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique, pp. 129-148.

Pirenne-Delforge, V (2008) Retour à la source. Pausanias et la religion grecque. Kernos Supplément 20. Liège: Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique.

Porter, C. R. Milligan and Lilley, K. (2020) ‘Hidden geographies and digital humanities: analysing and visualising the literary corpus of Humphrey Llwyd.’ Literary Geographies, 6(1), pp. 96-118.

Pretzler, M. (2007) Pausanias: Travel Writing in Ancient Greece. London: Duckworth.

Purves, A. C. (2010) Space and Time in Ancient Greek Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ricoeur, P. (1984) Time and Narrative. Volume 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Ridge, M., Lanfreniere, D. and Nesbit, S. (2013) ‘Creating deep maps and spatial narratives through design.’ International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 7, pp. 176-189.

Simon, R., Barker, E. T. E., Isaksen, L. and de Soto Cañamares, P. (2017) ‘Linked data annotation without the pointy brackets: introducing Recogito 2.’ Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, 13(1), pp. 111-132.

Snodgrass, A. M. (1987) An Archaeology of Greece: The Present State and Future Scope of a Discipline. Sather Classical Lectures 53. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Stewart, D. R. (2013) ‘“Most worth remembering”: Pausanias, analogy, and classical archaeology.’ Hesperia, 82(2), pp. 231-261.

Taylor, J. E., Donaldson, C. E., Gregory, I. N. and Butler, J. O. (2018) ‘Mapping digitally, mapping deep: Exploring digital literary geographies.’ Literary Geographies 4, pp. 10-19.

Taylor, J. E. and Gregory I. N. (2022) Deep Mapping the Literary Lake District: A Geographical Text Analysis. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.

Tuan, Y.-F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis.

Vernant, J.-P. (1982) The Origins of Greek Thought. London.

Vitale, V. Simon, R., and Barker, E. (2020) Recogito: A Beginner’s Guide. [Online] [Accessed 5 February 2023] https://github.com/pelagios/pelagios.github.io/wik.

Vitale, V., de Soto, P., Simon, R., Barker, E. T. E., Isaksen, L., and Kahn, R. (2021) ‘Pelagios - Connecting histories of place. Part I: Methods and Tools.’ International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 15(1-2), pp. 5-32.

White, H. (1978) Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Whitmarsh, T. (2013) Beyond the Second Sophistic: Adventures in Greek Postclassicism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Whitmarsh, T. (2015) ‘The mnemology of empire and resistance: memory, oblivion, and Periegesis in imperial Greek culture.’ In Galinsky, K. and Lapatin, K. (eds) Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire. Los Angeles, pp. 49-64.

Woodman, A. J. (1988) Rhetoric in Classical Historiography. London: Routledge.

Downloads

Published

2023-03-31

Issue

Section

Special Issue Articles